Formative Assessment

One of the major concepts that I teach in my class is how to look and respond to art using the Art Elements and Principles of Design.  I introduce the Elements and Principles in eighth grade.  As a formative assessment to see how they respond to art, I put up a work of art and ask them to tell me about the strongest Element or the strongest Principle.  They need to write a minimum of five sentences.

When reading the responses, I look for the use of art vocabulary and the strength of their reasoning behind their opinion.  I constantly tell them to back up their opinion.  I track the students' progress on a spread sheet.  When they respond using very few art vocabulary words, name more than 1-2 Elements, and/or don't back up their opinion, they get a minus sign.  When they begin to grasp the concepts and back up their opinion using some art vocabulary words, they get a dash.  Once they have mastered choosing one Principle or Element and full backing up their opinion utilizing art vocabulary they get a check mark.

When reteaching and expanding on these concepts, I do a lot of it through discussion.  We do whole group discussion and one on one.  I use my spread sheet when speaking with my students one on one.  Throughout the quarter, the majority of the students are at least to a dash mark.  I plan on using this information when students take art at the high school level.

A Repair Kit for Grading...My Takeaway

I’m going to talk about the fixes that stick out the most to me and how they fit into my educational philosophy.

Fix #2: Don’t reduce marks on “work” submitted late; provide support for the learner.

I have gone round and round with my colleagues about late work and the multiple policies that teachers use.  I am a firm believer in not penalizing for late work.  I am going to give them full credit for the work they do.  You get a lot of arguments about this.  Some teachers say that we have to teach them the responsibility of handing work in on time.  I agree, but my primary goal is to teach them the content.  Finishing the assignment to show their growth is my primary goal.  If I deduct points for lateness, how is that motivating the student to complete the assignment?  They don’t see the point in handing it in, only to get half credit.  They settle for the zero.  How is that helping?

This brings me to…

Fix #12: Don’t include zeros in grade determination when evidence is missing or as punishment; use alternatives, such as reassessing to determine real achievement, or use “I” for Incomplete or Insufficient Evidence.

I try not to allow my students to get zeros in my class.  Yes, this initially created a lot of work for me.  I will pull them in before or after school, during SRB, I call their coaches and parents, whatever I have to do to get the assignment done.  Eventually the students realized that they might as well do the work because I make them do it either way.  I don’t give “busy” or fluff work.  The assignments I give them are essential to measure their growth and skill level.  I need that data.  I cannot let them choose not to get it done.  I also agree that adding a zero to the grade book creates an inaccuracy in their final grades.  It is not a true reflection of their progress.  Many teachers think that chasing students down to recover missing assignments is too much of a hassle.  I think that it comes with the territory.

Fix 11: Don’t rely only on the mean; consider other measures of central tendency and use professional judgment. 

Fix 13: Don’t use information from formative assessments and practice to determine grades; use only summative evidence. 

Fix 14: Don’t summarize evidence accumulated over time when learning is developmental and will grow with time and repeated opportunities; in those instances, emphasize more recent achievement.

I’m going to address these all together.  I don’t think grades should be determined using “practice” work.  This defeats the purpose of letting them practice.  It shouldn’t matter WHEN they master the concept, as long as they eventually do.  I think sometimes teachers get stuck focusing on all the questions students get wrong, rather than looking at the ones they got right.  I never really thought about this until I taught first grade.  I noticed that I could give a spelling test on short a in week three and the student would miss 5 out of 7 words.  They just didn’t get the pattern.  By week five, their reading and writing showed that they understood the short a pattern.  Why would I give that student an F because they didn’t get it in week three?  I started tracking the major concepts in my classes and when students became proficient in them.  The next year I took this data to the principal and owner of the school.  I made my argument for standards-based grading.  We transitioned first grade to standards-based that year and grades 2-4 the following year.  It was the best thing for all involved.  Students were a lot more confident after we did this.  They were not afraid to make a mistake.  They knew it was ok.  We stressed that through mistakes is how we learn.  You shouldn’t be punished for learning.

Repair Kit for Grading Ch.1-2

Well,  the book A Repair Kit for Grading: 15 Fixes for Broken Grades is a lot more "controversial" than the last two books we read.  I feel like I am a pretty progressive teacher, but some of the ideas in this book were very hard for me to swallow.  I'm just going to go through each fix.

Fix #1 - Don't include student behaviors (effort, participation, adherence to class rules, etc.) in grades; include only achievement.

I just about fell off my chair when I read that!  How, as an art teacher, in a performance based class can I NOT include effort and participation?!?  I was very resistant to this at first.  I understand what the author is saying about grades only measuring achievement, but part of their achieving the task IS effort.  I was very concerned about this.

I took a look at my rubrics.  Each one includes a section on effort.  After some reflection, I am considering not grading that portion, but still including that feedback.  Some effort is considered in the craftsmanship section, but I don't think I want to change that at this point.

Fix #2 - Don't reduce marks on work submitted late; provide support for the learner.

This is already a policy in my classroom.  I still set due dates and collect the work.  I tell the students that if it is incomplete or they just want to improve their grade, they can resubmit it at anytime and I will regrade it with no penalty.  I have found this to be successful in my classroom.  Most students who are not done with a project complete it within a week of the due date.  I was worried about the end of the quarter, getting an influx of projects and papers to grade, but that really didn't happen.  I think the students deserve credit for the work they have done, so I won't penalize for lateness.  I hear others say that "in the real world there are deadlines."  Yeah, I know, but sometimes you can't meet those deadlines.  My first quarter at RHS I didn't get my report cards in on time.  I was a new teacher, projects were stacked to the ceiling, and I was still learning how to use the gradebook.  Did I get fired?  No.  I called my principal, told him the situation, and we came up with a solution.  Most deadlines are flexible (to an extent) even in the real world.

Fix #3 - Don't give points for extra credit or use bonus points; seek only evidence that more work has resulted in a higher level of achievement.

I do not offer bonus points in my class.  This is mainly because I don't see the point.  If it is an important question, it should be on the test.  If isn't relevant (ie. what's my first name) it shouldn't be on the test.

Fix #4 - Don't punish academic dihonesty with reduced grades; apply other consequesnces and reassess to determine actual level of achievement.

 As long as there is some other sort of consequence I'm fine with this.  It will require me to change my classroom policy.  Right now, at the beginning of the year, I have my students sign an academic integrity contract.  We go over it thoroughly in class.  They know exactly what I mean by plagiarism, cheating, and lying, and how they apply to my class.  We go over the consequences for each one.  I tell them that if they choose to break this rule, they choose to deal with the consequence.  The reason I started this is because I had issues with plagiarism my first year.  There was no policy for the school.  So, when I reported it to the office, they told me to take care of it.  I think there needs to be a school-wide policy on this.

Fix #5 - Don't consider attendance in grade determination; report absences separately.

Do people do this?  I have never ancountered a teacher or school that graded on attendance.  Hmm.

Fix #6 - Don't include group scores in grades; use only individual achievement evidence.

I have always given individual scores, even for group work.  You should only be evaluated on YOUR work, not the work of others.  You only have control over yourself.

Rubrics and Feedback

It has taken me a long time to figure out how I want to assess and grade my students.  I had to evaluate what I thought was most important.  I started out with rubrics based on the ones given to me when I was student teaching.

They looked like this:

Assessment Rubric
Name:				Period:
Assignment: Collage in the Style of Keith Grace				Date:
Circle the number in pencil that best shows how well you feel that you completed that criterion for the assignment.	Excellent	Good	Average		Needs Improvement	Rate Yourself	Teacher Rating
Criteria 1- Preparation: · Completed at least five preliminary drawings in sketchbook. · Participated in class discussions.	10-8	7-5	4-3		2-1
Criteria 2- Effort: · Took time to develop idea and project (didn’t rush) · Was willingness to work through difficult areas · Properly cleaned-up/stored materials · Energy and focus went toward your project	10-8	7-5	4-3		2-1
Criteria 3- Craftsmanship: · Neat, clean, and complete · Skillfully used art tools and media · Effectively used of space · Produced a work of art in the style of Keith Grace	10-8	7-5	4-3		2-1
Criteria 4- Assessment: · Incorporated at least five different media into your piece · Actively participated in critique · Completed the self-evaluation and response thoughtfully and honestly	10-8	7-5	4-3		2-1
Total:

What's wrong with this you ask?  It provides no reason why I am rating them the way I am.  It doesn't tell them what was expected.  What is "excellent" vs. "good"?  (Plus, someone who is rated "excellent" could still end up with an 80%.  Would you give "excellent" work a C?  (I don't realize that until later.)

So I switch to this style:

Pun and Ink Rubric
		Advanced 9-10	Proficient 7-8	Novice 4-6	Needs Improvement 1-3
Composition	Arrangement of objects makes excellent use of the space. Whole drawing moves the eye from one object to another.		Arrangement of objects makes good use of space. Some movement from object to object, but could have been further developed.	Need more attention to composition, arrangement does not easily lead eye from object to object.	Arrangement is uninteresting. The eye does not flow to any other parts of the drawing, jumps or parts are distracting.
Theme	The theme of the student’s pun is clear, well-illustrated and original.		The theme of the student’s pun is illustrated and mostly original.	The theme of the student’s pun is somewhat illustrated and/or not very original.	The theme of the student’s pun is not illustrated.  The drawing does not relate to the pun.
Value and Texture	Student chose a light source and effectively showed it.  Work displays many methods for showing texture/ value (hatching, cross hatching, stippling)		Student chose a light source and somewhat effectively showed a variety of values. Work displays some methods for showing texture/ value.	Student's choice of light source was not clear.  Shows little change in texture or value.	Student's choice of light source was not found.  Shows no change in texture or value.
Technique	Materials were used properly and neatly. No stray marks or smudges are evident.		Materials were almost always used properly and neatly. Few stray marks or smudges are evident.	Materials were often used inappropriately. Many stray marks or smudges are evident.	Materials were not used properly or neatly. Many stray marks or smudges are evident.
Craftsmanship	The artwork was patiently done with time spent on details. It was done neatly and well planned out.		The artwork was done well, but lacked the finishing touches. Almost all of the project was put together neatly.	The student showed average craftsmanship. More attention should have been paid to details, neatness and planning.	The student showed below average craftsmanship, lack of pride in finished work.
Effort and Clean Up	Used ALL time wisely, had a good attitude the entire time, tried as hard as they could. Student cleaned up all supplies appropriately and on time each period.		Used MOST time wisely, had a good attitude most of the time, stayed on task. Student cleaned up most of the supplies appropriately and usually right away each period.	Was reminded often to stay on task and put forth little effort. Did not put the time and effort into the project that was needed. Student did not often clean up supplies appropriately and/or on time each period.	Attitude and effort needs improvement. Put little effort into the assignment. Student did not clean up supplies appropriately and/or on time each period.
Total:

I liked this one.  I rated them, it basically tells them why.  The problem was I felt like I was punishing them for being a "novice".  You fail just because you are learning the skill still?  Isn't "novice" where most of my beginning students would be?  I figure, the first column should get an "A", the second a "B", and so on.

Onto the next version:

Coil Pot Rubric
	Advanced 9-10 A	Proficient 7-8 B	Novice 5-6 C	Needs Improvement 1-4 D/F
Composition	Pot is interesting from all angles, great use of line and space, effective 3-D design.  Interesting and dynamic shape.	Satisfying use of line and space, could develop more intrigue with better 3-D design.	More development with line and space, needs more coiling practice. Shape is too simple, lacks complexity.	Line and space unrelated to pot construction and design, unbalanced, unresolved, or incomplete design.
Design Choice	Vessel is 8 inches tall and successfully incorporates 3 different types of coiling techniques.	Vessel is 8 inches tall and incorporates 3 different types of coiling techniques but vessel in slightly awkward where coils transition.	Vessel is not 8 inches tall or does not incorporate 3 different coiling techniques.  Transition areas are awkward and don’t fit together.	Vessel is not 8 inches tall and there are not 3 different coiling techniques used.
Creativity	Pot is intriguing and unique.  Design is well planned and crafted.	Fairly original design, interesting layout and manipulation of the clay.	Design shows understanding of coil pot construction.  Not much originality.	Obvious construction issues, lacking detail, unoriginal, incomplete design.
Glaze Use	Used 3 flowing coats, no missed or thin areas, applied glaze carefully to avoid unwanted bleeding.	Used 3 coats, but may have been sloppy with application.  Some missed areas or thin areas.  Some bleeding of colors.	Slow down and apply glaze with care and patience.  Sloppy application led to missed areas.	Inconsistent application of glaze.  Very rushed, lots of missed, thin areas.  Glaze bleeds into other areas.
Work Process	Pot completed on time, strong personal interest and independent drive, went above expectations.	Pot completed on time, met expectations, some independence and drive exhibited.	Pot completed on time, could have used time in class more wisely or spent some time outside of class, meets most expectations.	Pot turned in late or missed a firing. Inconsistent effort, needs constant prompting and motivation. Pot did not meet size requirement.
Craftsmanship	Pot is well constructed, sturdy, no loose clay or cracked coils.  Pot is level and symmetrical.	Pot is adequately constructed, coils are neatly stacked, minimal cracking.  Some issues with symmetry or pot is leaning slightly.	Satisfying construction, could have taken more time on neatness, some cracking or joining issues. Lacks symmetry.	Sloppy construction, coils not attached well, lots of cracking, pot is not sturdy.
Effort and Clean Up	Went above expectations, stayed on task and worked independently.	Met expectations, stayed on task and worked fairly independently.	Needs prompting to stay on task, works some-what independently.	Off task most of the time, constant prompting, work below expectations.
Total:

But how do I figure out what percentage to put in the grade book?  I created this chart to help me:

The new rubric and grading scale have served me well for the past year.  I did tweak the rubric one more time for this semester.  I included a back for student response.  Why?  I want to know more about what they thought of the process.  Why they chose to do their project the way they did.  I also want to know how they thought they did.  It's good for them to think about these aspects of their art.  I also make sure to hand out the rubric at the beginning of the project so they know what I expect from them.

Mixed Media Painting Rubric
	Advanced 9-10 A	Proficient 7-8 B	Novice 5-6 C	Needs Improvement 1-4 D/F	You	Skeen
Composition	The composition includes all three parts. Colors work well together. Texture/ line quality/ images contribute to the unity of the project.	The composition does not include all three parts.  The student used some colors that worked well together, and they worked hard to use texture to help them express their ideas, but there are gaps in the work that keep the viewer’s eye stuck in one spot. More media was needed.	The composition does not include all three parts. Colors did not suite composition as well as they should of. No texture was created, or line quality was considered. Media choices did not help the overall project.	Colors did not suite composition. Student did not give time and effort to create texture. Composition had no planning at all. Composition had no consideration to overall piece.
Message	Student’s message was clear and well thought out.  The quote pops out from the page.	The student’s message was fairly clear and thought out.  The quote was clearly stated on the page.	The student wrote their message but the quote is somewhat lost on the page.	The quote blends into the background or the words are placed to where the message is lost or hard to read.
Creativity	The artwork demonstrates original personal expression and outstanding problem solving skills. Artwork includes many different media.	The artwork demonstrates some personal expression and logical problem solving skills. Artwork includes some different media.	The artwork demonstrates an average amount of personal expression. Artwork includes some media but needs more variation for it to truly be a mixed media work.	The artwork demonstrates little personal expression and problem solving skills. More media is needed.
Unity	Artwork all comes together in harmony. Colors, textures, line, all work together. Composition has asymmetry, diagonal, and thirds that properly work on page.	Artwork does have very strong areas that stand out in their excellence. However, there are other areas that do not work in the art. Instead they are a distraction to the overall piece. These areas were talked about in critique.	The work has random areas that do not connect to the rest of the painting. Student has areas that need more attention and detail in order to contribute to the overall unity of the piece.	Students work has no direction. It is sloppily created with little consideration to composition. There is no theme, idea, or anything of substance present in student's work.
Craftsmanship	The artwork shows outstanding craftsmanship, with clear attention to detail.	The artwork shows good craftsmanship, with some attention to detail.	The artwork shows average craftsmanship and attention to detail.	The artwork shows below average to poor craftsmanship and little attention to detail.
Effort and Clean Up	The student put forth extraordinary effort to complete the project well as possible; used class time extremely well.	The student put forth the effort required to complete the project well; used class time well.	The student put forth the effort required to finish the project; used class time adequately.	The student put forth no effort or the project was not completed; class time was not used well.
Total:

On the back they must answer questions about the project.

1. What were the best and most difficult aspects of this project?  Explain in DETAIL! 
2. Why did you choose the quote you did?  Explain in DETAIL.  How does it relate to you? 
3. According to the rubric on the back of this sheet, what grade do you deserve?  Why do you deserve this grade?

I deserve _________ out of 60 points.  Here’s why:

I have also decided to keep their rubrics and photos of their projects in a file for them.  Since we began looking at our standards and how we assess them, I thought it would be important to keep track of their progress.  I also want to see how they grow semester to semester and year to year.  If we end up moving to standards-based grading, I'll pretty much be good to go!


Is this the final product?  No.  I still feel like I need to be more specific about why they got the ranking that they did.  I am in the process of creating a conference document to include in their folder.  Will we formally conference about every project, not likely.  But, it's a process after all.